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A Multimodal Framework for Real-Time Detection of Computer-Based Test Malpractice in Nigeria’s Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination: A Simulation-Based Feasibility Study

BackgroundNigeria's Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME), a national computer-based test since 2015, is the admission gateway for nearly two million candidates each year.Integrity failures persist and are now technical rather than clerical.In May 2025, the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) admitted that faulty server updates corrupted the responses of 379,997 candidates across 157 centres, forcing a national resit.In the same cycle, the West African Examinations Council (WAEC) withheld 192,089 results over suspected malpractice.JAMB also confirmed technologyassisted …

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