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Demographic and Spatial Factors Associated with Tuberculosis and Tuberculosis/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-infection in Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and TB/HIV co-infection remain major public health challenges in Nigeria, but sub-national determinants and statistically confirmed cluster patterns remain poorly characterised. Objective: To model demographic and spatial factors associated with TB and TB/HIV co-infection case counts, and to identify annual spatial clusters in Rivers State, Nigeria (2019-2024). Methods: Local Government Area (LGA)-level surveillance data were analysed using negative binomial regression with a logpopulation offset. Spatial autocorrelation and year-specific clustering were …

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