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Artisanal Mining and Potentially Toxic Element Exposure in Ebonyi State, Nigeria: A Systematic Review of Public Health Risks and Economic Costs

Ebonyi State, Nigeria, has experienced decades of intensive artisanal mining and agricultural activity, raising concerns about environmental contamination and its implications for human health. This systematic review evaluated the occurrence of potentially toxic elements and other environmental contaminants, identified major exposure pathways, assessed associated public health risks, and estimated the economic burden of exposure using value of a statistical life and cost of illness approaches. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria.