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Heavy metal contamination, physicochemical properties, and environmental health risks of soils affected by rice mill effluents in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Rice mill effluents can degrade soil quality and introduce contaminants that pose ecological and public health risks, yet data from large-scale milling facilities in northern Nigeria remain limited. This study assessed the physicochemical characteristics, heavy metal concentrations, and associated health and ecological risks of soils surrounding Labana Rice Mill, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the mill premises and the cardinal directions (North, South, East, and West) and analyzed in the laboratory. The soils were slightly acidic, having pH values ranging between 6.20…