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The Impact of Central Bank Digital Currency on Payments Competition
FinTech Notes
How would CBDC affect competition in the payments market? If introduced, CBDC can serve as a payment instrument, expanding end users’ transaction choices, and as a platform infrastructure, broadening intermediaries’ opportunities to provide and innovate in payment and financial s…
Can Central Bank Digital Currencies Improve the Delivery of Social Safety Nets?
FinTech Notes
This paper explores how retail central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) could enhance the delivery of social safety nets (SSNs). It assesses CBDC design features and their implications for payment administration and delivery. Findings suggest that using CBDCs solely as payment del…
Regional Economic Outlook, Sub-Saharan Africa, October 2025
IMF eLibrary
labor market ; oil supply shocks ; employment heterogeneity ; high-frequency identification ; cross-country labor adjustment ; high-frequency oil supply shock series ; oil shock ; trigger sharp ; labor market development ; employment gain ; oil-importing country ; Labor markets ;…
Front Matter - IMF Working Papers - Volume 2025 (2025): Issue 119 (Jun 2025): Testing the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in West and Central Africa
IMF Staff Country Reports
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) ; Climate change adaptation ; Climate financing ; Mitigation and resilience ; Public financial management (PFM) ; climate finance product ; IMF country work ; IMF working papers ; mitigation investment ; SSA country ; Climate finance ; Climate change ; Na…
Holding Steady
Summary Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors, 1960
tax authorities ; tax-expenditure report International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Recovery Interrupted
Policies for African Development
concessional terms ; frontier-market sovereign International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Regional Economic Outlook, Sub-Saharan Africa, April 2025
IMF eLibrary
deficit norm ; spending restraint ; staff appraisal ; services deficit ; reform effort ; RSF arrangement ; Debt sustainability analysis ; Capital spending ; West Africa ; Global ; Africa International Monetary Fund. African Dept.; Rangachary Ravikumar; International Monetary Fund…
Benin: Fourth Review under the Extended Fund Facility and the Extended Credit Facility Arrangements, and the First Review under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility, and Request for Modification of a Quantitative P
IMF Staff Country Reports
1. Benin’s steadfast reform implementation and sound macroeconomic management over the past several years have provided policy space to bolster resilience to severe shocks. The country’s reform program—anchored in the Government Actions Program “Revealing Benin” (2016– 2021; and…
Regional Economic Outlook, Sub-Saharan Africa, October 2024
IMF eLibrary
central bank digital currencies ; cross-border payments ; fintech ; foreign exchange ; capital flow management ; eNaira ; cross-border payment ; IMF Library ; capital flow management measure ; provider restriction ; CBDC design consideration ; Currencies ; Anti-money laundering a…
Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa, April 2024
IMF Staff Country Reports
Sub-Saharan Africa ; Slow recovery ; Funding squeeze ; Monetary policy ; Economic diversification ; Structural reforms ; International support ; IMF staff calculation ; headline inflation ; public finance ; IMF financing arrangement ; borrowing costs entail ; sub-Saharan Africa f…
Gender Equality and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
IMF Staff Country Reports
Crypto assets ; Bitcoin ; Cross-border flows ; Capital flows ; bitcoin blockchain ; capital flow restriction ; bitcoin flow ; cross-border flow ; Bitcoin transaction ; Blockchain and DLT ; Currencies ; Financial activity tax ; Global Lisa L Kolovich; Monique Newiak; Eugenio M Cer…
E-Money and Monetary Policy Transmission
IMF Working Papers
central bank digital currency ; e-Money ; mobile money ; crypto assets ; fast payment systems ; digital payments ; Sub-Saharan Africa CBDC survey ; IMF Fintech Note 2024/001 ; IMF Library ; CBDC benefit ; CBDC design ; Central Bank digital currencies ; Digital financial services…
Benin: Third Review under the Extended Fund Facility and the Extended Credit Facility Arrangements and Request for an Arrangement under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statemen
IMF Staff Country Reports
CFA franc ; convening power ; climate change agenda ; government entity ; feasibility study ; Climate change ; Climate finance ; Natural disasters ; Global ; West Africa International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Benin: Third Reviews Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility and Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility and Request for an Arrangement Under the Resilience and Sustainability Facilit—Debt
IMF Staff Country Reports
burden indicator ; market financing ; GDP deflator ; dynamics equation ; debt coverage ; Debt sustainability ; Debt sustainability analysis International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Chapter 1 Revisiting Trends in Gender Equality
International Taxation and the Extractive Industries
fertility rate ; sub-Saharan Africa lag ; high-income country ; mortality rate ; income-generating activity ; Employment ; Western Hemisphere ; Europe Chiara Broccolini; Anna Fruttero; Saanya Jain
Chapter 10 Gender Inequality and Electoral Violence in Africa: Unlocking Women’s Peacemaking Potential
International Taxation and the Extractive Industries
least squares ; election process ; agriculture labor force ; negative correlation ; sizes range ; Gender diversity ; Labor force participation ; Gender inequality ; Income inequality ; Women ; Africa Rasmané Ouedraogo; Idrissa Ouedraogo
Chapter 11 A Causal Story: Gender Equality and Economic Growth
International Taxation and the Extractive Industries
gender equality macroeconomics fiscal policies legal rights structural policies financial access sub-Saharan Africa gender analysis ; child marriage ; care work ; female-to-male labor force participation ratio ; completion rate ; social media usage ; Women ; Gender inequality ; G…
Chapter 12 Legal Rights: Women’s Economic Empowerment
International Taxation and the Extractive Industries
gender wage gap ; property law ; constitutional law ; civil rights ; family law ; Gender diversity ; Women ; Gender inequality ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Africa Katharine M Christopherson Puh; Audrey Yiadom; Juliet Johnson; Francisca Fernando; Lucia Gruet
Chapter 13 Legal Rights: Women’s Economic Empowerment— Case Studies
International Taxation and the Extractive Industries
organic law ; government program ; South Africa's Constitution ; national budget ; immigration law ; Labor force participation ; Women ; Gender inequality ; West Africa ; Africa ; Global ; Sub-Saharan Africa Katharine M Christopherson Puh; Audrey Yiadom; Juliet Johnson; Francisca…
Chapter 14 Rethinking Fiscal Law Design to Address Gender Inequality
International Taxation and the Extractive Industries
gender equality macroeconomics fiscal policies legal rights structural policies financial access sub-Saharan Africa gender analysis ; child marriage ; care work ; female-to-male labor force participation ratio ; completion rate ; social media usage ; Women ; Gender inequality ; G…
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